Temporal Shifts of Posidonia oceanica and Corallium rubrum in Cap de Creus (NE Spain): Recreational SCUBA diver’s perception of change

Temporal trends of the main Mediterranean benthic coastal marine habitats point to an overall decline of their extent and health status. We assessed recreational scuba divers’ perceptions of the temporal change abundance of two key Mediterranean ecosystem engineering species in the Cap de Creus Marine Protected Area: the red coral Corallium rubrum (an octocoral, component of coralligenous assemblages) and Posidonia oceanica (a seagrass, forming meadow formations on soft bottoms). We conducted semi-structured interviews and a target survey to recreational scuba divers of the area. Scuba divers reported decreasing abundance for C. rubrum, but not for Posidonia oceanica meadows during the last four decades. Qualitatively comparable ecological data for the area are only available for the last two decades and suggest stability in the abundance of both species. We explain the mismatch between data sources regarding C. rubrum arguing that, while ecological data mainly focus on no-take areas inside Cap de Creus, divers mainly visit areas where red coral colonies are unprotected. For P. oceanica, stability over the last two decades is indicated both in ecological data and in divers’ responses, suggesting that this habitat did not suffer major decline during the study period. The results of this study are overall limited by a low replication. However, it highlights local expert knowledge (i.e., recreational divers’ knowledge) as an untapped source of observations that could contribute to increase information of the historical ecological trends of these key species. © 2025, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research. All rights reserved.