Genetic diversity and comparative analysis of gene expression between Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Az29 and Az36 isolates: Uncovering candidate genes involved in insect pathogenicity

Entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Az29 and Az36 isolates with different virulence against Popillia unipuncta and soil survival time were isolated from the Azorean archipelago (Portugal) and used for the study. RAPD analysis revealed a very low-level of genetic diversity (
= 0.2338 ± 0.0541) between axenic Az29 and Az36 isolates, and a relative low-level of diversity (
= 0.3366 ± 0.0471) between Az29 and Az36 isolates. To unravel the molecular differences, a suppressive subtractive hybridization library was constructed from the parasitic stage. Assembling 150 high quality ESTs produced 70 singletons and 17 contigs. BLAST analysis revealed that 48 ESTs showed significant similarity to known protein and 39 ESTs had no significant hits in the database, perhaps representing novel genes. Functional annotation revealed some of these genes to be involved in metabolism, cellular process and signaling, information storage and processing, stress response and host–parasite interactions. Genes with a role in the parasitism process were identified including lectin, metalloprotease, enolase, chitinase, surface-associated antigen, and as well as genes (aquaporin, Hsp70A, Hsp10 and Hsp20) essential for stresses tolerance. The work described here provides the molecular data necessary for investigating the fundamental molecular aspects of host–parasite interactions. Future investigations should be focused on determining the molecular mechanism of those genes in entomopathogenic nematode life cycle.