Basic skills and perceptive processes: Key factors in training and guidance processes of young people at risk of educational, social and labour exclusion

This research suggests improvements in guidance processes and initial vocational training of young people between 15-21 years old that are at risk of educational, social and labour exclusion, drawing on the needs emanating from the findings. The present study is based on a comparative analysis of the self-perception of the mastery of key competencies of 228 young people involved in 18 training programmes in the surrounding area of Barcelona, Spain, and others' perceptions on the matter (16 tutors and 9 entrepreneurs). The results show differences between the perceptions of the two groups of participants. Based on the findings, an interrelated model of key skills was designed. In this model, linguistic competence, learning to learn competence, social-citizenship competence and labour competence become the axis that articulate the connections between competencies. Likewise, this model sets training guidelines within these training programmes.