Exploring an artificial chromoplast system for enrichment of plant leaves in isoprenoid vitamins

Abstract

Isoprenoids are one of the largest families of metabolites in nature, and they are especially diverse in the plant kingdom. Among them, carotenoids, tocopherols and phylloquinone are interesting for their role as vitamins. Plants synthesize these compounds in chloroplasts to contribute to photosynthesis and photoprotection. In the case of carotenoids, their highest levels are found in specialized plastids named chromoplasts, which are typically found in non-green pigmented organs such as flower petals and ripe fruits but only occasionally in leaves. The general goal of this thesis has been testing new strategies for the enrichment of leafy vegetables in isoprenoid vitamins through a system developed in our lab to induce the conversion of chloroplasts into chromoplasts in leaves. The tool is based on the capacity of the crtB enzyme from the bacterium Pantoea ananatis to boost the production of phytoene and the ability of leaves to convert this extra phytoene into downstream carotenoids with the concomitant changes in plastid ultrastructure. The availability of this system allowed to define two specific objectives: (1) to characterize the physiological context of the crtB-induced phenotype in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and (2) to test different strategies exploiting this crtB-based system to improve leaf biofortification. _x000D_ _x000D_ In the first part of the thesis, we demonstrate that the non-reversible chloroplast-to-chromoplast differentiation phenotype triggered by plastid-localized crtB is associated with a rapid loss of photosynthetic activity caused by the accumulation of phytoene. This phenomenon makes the chloroplast competent for chromoplastogenesis. The transition is then completed once phytoene is converted into downstream carotenoids by endogenous enzymes. We also demonstrate that treatments that cause altered redox balance of the photosystems and oxidative stress facilitate chromoplast differentiation. In the second part of the thesis, we characterize the structural changes associated with crtB-mediated chromoplast differentiation in leaves. During the process plastoglobules increase in number and size. Plastoglobules are used to store phytoene and other isoprenoids (including pro-vitamin A β-carotene, vitamin E tocopherols, and vitamin K phylloquinone. We also show that plastoglobules are the site of localization and action of the crtB protein and demonstrate that conditions that promote plastoglobule proliferation (such as high light) can be used to further promote the accumulation of isoprenoid vitamins. Our results show that the combination of crtB with genes involved in the biosynthesis of such vitamins can further increase their levels. Lastly, we show that β-carotene can be further accumulated by combining the crtB-mediated chromoplastogenesis with an engineered extraplastidial pathway. We also show that the optimizations of the crtB system can be applied to biofortify edible green leafy vegetables such as lettuce, hence contributing to the development of new functional foods.

Date of Award	17 Sept 2021
Original language	English
Supervisor	Benet Gunse Forcadell (Tutor)