The main objective of this Doctoral Thesis was to evaluate the bacterial inactivation using Ultrahigh-pressure Homogenisation (UHPH) to 300 + 30 MPa of Listeria innocua ATCC 33090, Escherichia coli ATCC 10536, Escherichia coli O157:H7 CCUG 44857, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 13565 and Staphylococcus carnosus CECT 4491 inoculated into whole milk, skim milk and into orange juice. Also, we intended to study the effect of inlet temperature of the milk and orange juice in the machine on the lethality and production of sublethal injuries in these microorganisms and its ability for survival, repair and growth in refrigerated storage after UHPH treatment. The objective of experiment 1 was to evaluate the bactericidal efficacy as decimal reduction (DR) of a mixture of peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide (PAHP) against strains of Staphylococcus, Listeria and Escherichia coli in presence of different organic matter types, exposure times and disinfectant concentrations. Also, we develop an efficient procedure of cleaning and disinfection adapted to the UHPH machine. Experiment 2 had the purpose of evaluating the bactericidal efficacy of UHPH treatments against Listeria innocua ATCC 33090 inoculated into UHT milk and UHT orange juice. We also studied the effect of inlet temperature on the degree of inactivation of this microorganism and the capacity of this UHPH treatment to cause sublethal injuries when inoculated into whole milk and orange juice. We also determined its ability for survival, repair and growth under refrigeration after the UHPH treatment. The experiments 3 and 4 had as objective to evaluate the inactivation by UHPH of Escherichia coli ATCC 10536 and Escherichia coli O157:H7 CCUG 44857 inoculated into UHT whole milk, UHT skim milk and UHT orange juice considering the effect of inlet temperature on the lethality values and the production of sublethal injuries in these strains. We also studied the ability of the microorganisms to repair and growth during storage at 4. 0 ºC after treatment. The experiment 5 had as purpose to evaluate the inactivation induced by UHPH of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 13565 and Staphylococcus carnosus CECT 4491 inoculate into UHT whole milk and UHT orange juice considering the effect of inlet temperature of sample on the lethality values reached and the production of sublethal injuries in these strains, as well as their ability to survive, repair and growth when stored at low temperatures after UHPH treatments. In the evaluation of the disinfectant, Staphylococcus spp. showed more resistance at low concentrations of disinfectant than strains of E. coli and Listeria spp. Egg was the organic matter with the greatest interfering capacity and orange juice was the one with least interfering capacity. However PAHP was effective (reductions > 5 log CFU/mL) in all cases from 0. 1 % PAHP and 10 min of exposure. No statistical differences were found between pathogenic and non pathogenic strains in the same group. Concerning the effect of UHPH treatment, in Listeria innocua ATCC 33090 both the inlet temperature and the food matrix influenced significantly (P < 0. 05) the level of inactivation reached, which was higher in whole milk with inlet at 20 ºC. The UHPH treatment caused few or no sublethal injuries in L. innocua. During storage at 4. 0 ºC after treatments, counts increased by approximately two logarithmic units from days 0 to 9 in whole milk, while in orange juice counts diminished by approximately 2. 5 logarithmic units from days 0 to 18. The level of inactivation was similar for both strains of E. coli and no sublethal injuries were detected after treatments in milk as in juice of orange. Both the inlet temperature and the type of milk influenced significantly (P < 0. 05) the degree of inactivation reached in both strains of E. coli, being higher at 20 ºC. The evolution of viable counts during storage at 4. 0 ºC was similar in whole and skim milk but although ATCC 10536 strain counts did not show significant differences between the days 0 and 9 of storage, the strain CCUG 44857 showed a decreasing tendency of approximately 0. 3 logarithmic units. In orange juice the strains of Escherichia coli showed a greater decreasing tendency and the strain CCUG 44857 was more resistant at low pH, maintaining high viable counts until 27th of storage. In Staphylococcus strains the inlet temperature, food matrix and the strain influenced significantly (P < 0. 05) the lethality level, which was higher with 20 ºC of inlet temperature. We not observed sublethal injuries after treatments in any case. The evolution of viable counts showed for both strains a very strong decreasing tendency after 3 days of storage at 4 ºC for orange juice, although S. carnosus CECT 4491 showed a low decreasing tendency and great resistance when was inoculated in milk and pressurized at low temperatures. The PAHP was effective against all strains tested at concentrations above 0. 1 % and exposure times over 10 minutes for all the organic matters studied. The UHPH treatments of whole milk, skim milk and orange juice at 300 + 30 MPa at inlet temperatures of 6 and 20 ºC were efficient to reduce the viable counts of Listeria innocua ATCC 33090, Escherichia coli ATCC 10536, Escherichia coli O157:H7 CCUG 44857, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 13565 and Staphylococcus carnosus CECT 4491. The lethality increased with the inlet temperature, suggesting a clear effect of the temperature on the lethality values. The kind of matrix significantly influenced both the efficacy of the treatment and the growing capability during the subsequent storage period at low temperatures. Apparently UHPH treatment (300 + 30 MPa) did not cause significant sublethal injuries in any of the cases. UHPH technology may offer a promising alternative to the pasteurization of milk, juices and others liquid foods in combination with an increase of the inlet temperature of the sample before the process.
Estudio de la inactivación por ultra alta presión de homogeneización de microorganismos en alimentos líquidos. Valoración de los procesos de limpieza y desinfección del equipo.
Bríñez Zambrano, W. J. (Author). 10 Mar 2006
Student thesis: Doctoral thesis
Student thesis: Doctoral thesis