Our world has been increasingly looking for solutions to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of our planet. Various solutions have been proposed, including carbon capture and sequestration (CCS). Focus for application of CCS has normally centered on large scale energy production that burns fossil fuel. Recently, developers have been working on applying CCS to biogas upgrading technology. This entails removing CO2 from biogas emitted from anaerobic digestors and landfills while also increasing the CH4 concentration to render the biogas suitable as natural gas substitute. Two novel technologies under review also stores the removed CO2 in a solid form, through a process called carbon mineralization. This process uses calcium oxides found in industrial waste to fix CO2 by forming calcium carbonate. Ideally these novel upgrading technologies should have more environmental benefit over conventional ones based on the fact that they immediately store CO2, while conventional ones do not. The first technology is called alkaline with regeneration (AwR) and consists of using an alkaline solution to strip the CO2. The alkaline solution is then regenerated by exposing it to a waste rich in CaO. The second is called bottom ash for biogas upgrading (BABIU) which relies on a direct gas-solid phase interaction with bottom ash from municipal solid waste incinerators. This thesis examines whether or not these two novel technologies have an environmental benefit over conventional upgrading technologies, based on industrial ecology tools. Life cycle assessment, material flow analysis, and exergy analysis were applied for the environmental and resource assessments. The thesis also examines the long term feasibility of applying these technologies, both from a material and economic point of view. Overall it was determined that the novel technologies generally do not have a better environmental performance over conventional technologies, especially AwR which was found to have a higher impact due to the use of the alkaline solution. Despite this, both novel technologies had significant CO2 savings over conventional technologies. As well since both novel processes are in the pilot plant stage it is possible to pinpoint what can be improved in order to increase the all around environmental benefit, for example by increasing the regeneration rate of the alkaline solution in AwR. The economic assessment was conducted on AwR and it was found that improving its operational costs would help create a business case for potential application. The results not only help the developers of the novel technologies to improve their long term environmental and economic viability but also can be used by developers and manufactures of similar technologies, such as other biogas upgrading or CCS technologies.
Environmental and economic assessment of carbon mineralization for biogas upgrading
Starr , K. (Author). 22 Nov 2013
Student thesis: Doctoral thesis
Student thesis: Doctoral thesis