Caracterización Genómica y Funcional de las Reorganizaciones del Complejo de Genes Hox en Drosophila

Abstract

Homeotic (Hox) genes code for transcription factors involved in the specification of segmental identity in the anteroposterior axis of the early metazoan embryo. These genes are usually clustered and arranged in the same order as they are expressed along the anteroposterior body axis. The conservation of this Hox gene organization along the phylogeny has suggested the existence of functional constraints. However, the partial disassembly of the Caenorhabditis elegans complex and the three splits observed in the Drosophila genus question whether this organization is an absolute necessity for proper function in some lineages. In this work, I analysed the genomic and functional consequences of the two splits present in Drosophila buzzatii, a member of the repleta species group. In the first part, the coding regions of the labial (lab) gene were cloned in D. buzzatii and D. virilis. The sequences of these two species were compared with that of D. melanogaster to test whether the change in position of lab in de D. buzzatii lineage produced any change in gene structure or sequence evolution. The results show that the substitution rate is heterogeneous along the gene but homogeneous along the phylogeny. The nucleotide substitution rate of lab has been constant in spite of the positional change. In the second part, two regions of the D. buzzatii genome have been sequenced, one including the lab y abdominal A (abdA) genes and the other containing the proboscipedia (pb) gene, and compared with the genic organization of D. melanogaster and D. pseudoobscura to precisely locate the breakpoints. The noncoding sequences of these regions have also been compared, and a high presence of conserved blocks has been observed in the introns and surrounding regions of Hox genes. The comparison of these conserved blocks with the known regulatory regions of the Hox genes (lab, pb and abdA) in D. melanogaster shows that the position and order of the regulatory regions is conserved between the three species, with minor exceptions. Finally the expression pattern of the three Hox genes has been analysed in embryos and imaginal discs of D. buzzatii, D. repleta, D. virilis, and D. melanogaster, four species with different Hox gene arrangements. The two splits took place through two paracentric inversions, with their breakpoints between the regulatory regions of adjacent genes. So that the regulatory regions and expression patterns of these Hox genes have been conserved in spite of the reorganizations. In Drosophila the Hox gene complex seems to be composed by independent modules (including the gene and its regulatory regions), whose association is not required for proper function. The organization of these genes is modular and their clustering seems de result of phylogenetic inertia more than of functional necessity. The discovery of more rearrangements in other lineages and the significance of temporal colinearity in some organisms suggest that the functional cause of the conservation of this genomic organization would be temporal colinearity. Rearrangements would be the consequence of the loss of temporal colinearity in organisms with a very rapid mode of embriogenesis.

Date of Award	29 Jun 2005
Original language	Undefined/Unknown
Supervisor	Alfredo Ruiz Panadero (Director)