Carriers of chromosomal translocations present a high risk of producing chromosomally abnormal gametes, as a consequence of an unbalanced segregation of the rearranged chromosomes, or the presence of numerical chromosomal anomalies derived from an interchromosomal effect. It is not known whether there exists a relationship between anomalies produced by these two events, but it might be based on the occurrence of heterosynapsis at the meiotic prophase I between multivalents and other chromosomes. Moreover, heterosynapsis has been associated related to changes in the nuclear chromosome architecture in sperm, which may also affect the fertility of reorganization carriers. The objectives of this thesis have been: i) To develop a sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol in order to detect numerical chromosomal abnormalities and to establish the segregation mode of rearranged chromosomes in the same spermatozoa; ii) To establish the segregation pattern of different chromosomal rearrangements in random sperm and in sperm with numerical abnormalities; iii) To determine whether there exists a relationship between certain segregation modes and the occurrence of numerical chromosome abnormalities; iv) To develop a methodology to evaluate the tridimensional distribution of chromosome territories in sperm nuclei. Semen samples of eight carriers of reciprocal translocations, eleven carriers of Robertsonian translocations and one carrier of a three-way translocation have been included in the study. In the first sequential FISH round, numerical anomalies for five chromosomes unrelated to the rearrangements have been analysed. In the second round, a segregation analysis has been performed both in the numerically abnormal sperm detected in the first round as well as in randomly assessed sperm. The optimization of the analysis of chromosome territories in sperm nuclei has included: nuclei classification according to their genotype, 3D image recording, relocalization of selected nuclei, digital images editing, data normalization, and prediction of the preferred position of each hybridization signal along the longitudinal and radial axis of spermatozoa. The segregation patterns obtained in randomly assessed sperm show high homogeneity among carriers of the same translocation. These patterns involve high frequencies of segregation modes that entail disjunction to opposite cellular poles of chromosomes with homologous centromeres. Data obtained from segregation analysis in aneuploid and diploid/multiple disomic sperm show altered segregation patterns when compared to randomly assessed sperm, in which unbalanced segregation modes are favoured while balanced segregation products decrease. Aneuploid sperm with different types of chromosomal abnormalities or different chromosomes involved in the aneuploidy have the same effect over the altered segregation pattern. The results obtained in the analysis of chromosome territories allow for the validation of the developed methodology. It has allowed the prediction of the preferred positioning of analysed chromosomes in sperm nuclei with different genotypes. In conclusion, data obtained point out that indeed there exists a relationship between the presence of numerical chromosome abnormalities and an unbalanced segregation content in sperm. This accumulation of chromosome anomalies in the same gametes would be driven by a bidirectional effect of heterosynapsis, which could entail changes in the nuclear positioning of the affected chromosomes, as well as alterations in chiasmata formation. The chromosome misalignment at metaphase plate would cause a meiotic arrest. If unresolved, cells could eventually evade this checkpoint favouring the accumulation of both unbalanced segregation products and aneuploidies for other chromosomes in the same gametes. The developed methodology to study the sperm nuclear architecture can be potentially used in carriers of chromosomal rearrangements, in order to assess whether chromosomal abnormalities in sperm affect the global nuclear chromosome organization and disturb their fertility.
Anàlisi del contingut cromosòmic en espermatozoides d'individus portadors de translocacions: Relació entre efecte intercromosòmic i segregació
Anna Godo Pla (Author). 5 Nov 2015
Student thesis: Doctoral thesis
Student thesis: Doctoral thesis