TRY - a global database of plant traits

J. Kattge; S. Díaz; S. Lavorel; I. C. Prentice; P. Leadley; G. Bönisch; E. Garnier; M. Westoby; P. B. Reich; I. J. Wright; J. H.C. Cornelissen; C. Violle; S. P. Harrison; P. M. Van Bodegom; M. Reichstein; B. J. Enquist; N. A. Soudzilovskaia; D. D. Ackerly; M. Anand; O. Atkin; M. Bahn; T. R. Baker; D. Baldocchi; R. Bekker; C. C. Blanco; B. Blonder; W. J. Bond; R. Bradstock; D. E. Bunker; F. Casanoves; J. Cavender-Bares; J. Q. Chambers; F. S. Chapin; J. Chave; D. Coomes; W. K. Cornwell; J. M. Craine; B. H. Dobrin; L. Duarte; W. Durka; J. Elser; G. Esser; M. Estiarte; W. F. Fagan; J. Fang; F. Fernández-Méndez; A. Fidelis; B. Finegan; O. Flores; H. Ford; D. Frank; G. T. Freschet; N. M. Fyllas; R. V. Gallagher; W. A. Green; A. G. Gutierrez; T. Hickler; S. I. Higgins; J. G. Hodgson; A. Jalili; S. Jansen; C. A. Joly; A. J. Kerkhoff; D. Kirkup; K. Kitajima; M. Kleyer; S. Klotz; J. M.H. Knops; K. Kramer; I. Kühn; H. Kurokawa; D. Laughlin; T. D. Lee; M. Leishman; F. Lens; T. Lenz; S. L. Lewis; J. Lloyd; J. Llusià; F. Louault; S. Ma; M. D. Mahecha; P. Manning; T. Massad; B. E. Medlyn; J. Messier; A. T. Moles; S. C. Müller; K. Nadrowski; S. Naeem; Ü Niinemets; S. Nöllert; A. Nüske; R. Ogaya; J. Oleksyn; V. G. Onipchenko; Y. Onoda; J. Ordoñez; G. Overbeck; W. A. Ozinga

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02451.x

TRY - a global database of plant traits

J. Kattge, S. Díaz, S. Lavorel, I. C. Prentice, P. Leadley, G. Bönisch, E. Garnier, M. Westoby, P. B. Reich, I. J. Wright, J. H.C. Cornelissen, C. Violle, S. P. Harrison, P. M. Van Bodegom, M. Reichstein, B. J. Enquist, N. A. Soudzilovskaia, D. D. Ackerly, M. Anand, O. AtkinM. Bahn, T. R. Baker, D. Baldocchi, R. Bekker, C. C. Blanco, B. Blonder, W. J. Bond, R. Bradstock, D. E. Bunker, F. Casanoves, J. Cavender-Bares, J. Q. Chambers, F. S. Chapin, J. Chave, D. Coomes, W. K. Cornwell, J. M. Craine, B. H. Dobrin, L. Duarte, W. Durka, J. Elser, G. Esser, M. Estiarte, W. F. Fagan, J. Fang, F. Fernández-Méndez, A. Fidelis, B. Finegan, O. Flores, H. Ford, D. Frank, G. T. Freschet, N. M. Fyllas, R. V. Gallagher, W. A. Green, A. G. Gutierrez, T. Hickler, S. I. Higgins, J. G. Hodgson, A. Jalili, S. Jansen, C. A. Joly, A. J. Kerkhoff, D. Kirkup, K. Kitajima, M. Kleyer, S. Klotz, J. M.H. Knops, K. Kramer, I. Kühn, H. Kurokawa, D. Laughlin, T. D. Lee, M. Leishman, F. Lens, T. Lenz, S. L. Lewis, J. Lloyd, J. Llusià, F. Louault, S. Ma, M. D. Mahecha, P. Manning, T. Massad, B. E. Medlyn, J. Messier, A. T. Moles, S. C. Müller, K. Nadrowski, S. Naeem, Ü Niinemets, S. Nöllert, A. Nüske, R. Ogaya, J. Oleksyn, V. G. Onipchenko, Y. Onoda, J. Ordoñez, G. Overbeck, W. A. Ozinga

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Research › peer-review

1547 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Plant traits - the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants and their organs - determine how primary producers respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, influence ecosystem processes and services and provide a link from species richness to ecosystem functional diversity. Trait data thus represent the raw material for a wide range of research from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology to biogeography. Here we present the global database initiative named TRY, which has united a wide range of the plant trait research community worldwide and gained an unprecedented buy-in of trait data: so far 93 trait databases have been contributed. The data repository currently contains almost three million trait entries for 69000 out of the world's 300000 plant species, with a focus on 52 groups of traits characterizing the vegetative and regeneration stages of the plant life cycle, including growth, dispersal, establishment and persistence. A first data analysis shows that most plant traits are approximately log-normally distributed, with widely differing ranges of variation across traits. Most trait variation is between species (interspecific), but significant intraspecific variation is also documented, up to 40% of the overall variation. Plant functional types (PFTs), as commonly used in vegetation models, capture a substantial fraction of the observed variation - but for several traits most variation occurs within PFTs, up to 75% of the overall variation. In the context of vegetation models these traits would better be represented by state variables rather than fixed parameter values. The improved availability of plant trait data in the unified global database is expected to support a paradigm shift from species to trait-based ecology, offer new opportunities for synthetic plant trait research and enable a more realistic and empirically grounded representation of terrestrial vegetation in Earth system models. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	2905-2935
Journal	Global Change Biology
Volume	17
Issue number	9
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02451.x
Publication status	Published - 1 Sep 2011

Keywords

Comparative ecology
Database
Environmental gradient
Functional diversity
Global analysis
Global change
Interspecific variation
Intraspecific variation
Plant attribute
Plant functional type
Plant trait
Vegetation model

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Access to Document

10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02451.x

Cite this

Kattge, J., Díaz, S., Lavorel, S., Prentice, I. C., Leadley, P., Bönisch, G., Garnier, E., Westoby, M., Reich, P. B., Wright, I. J., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Violle, C., Harrison, S. P., Van Bodegom, P. M., Reichstein, M., Enquist, B. J., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Ackerly, D. D., Anand, M., ... Ozinga, W. A. (2011). TRY - a global database of plant traits. Global Change Biology, 17(9), 2905-2935. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02451.x

Kattge, J. ; Díaz, S. ; Lavorel, S. ; Prentice, I. C. ; Leadley, P. ; Bönisch, G. ; Garnier, E. ; Westoby, M. ; Reich, P. B. ; Wright, I. J. ; Cornelissen, J. H.C. ; Violle, C. ; Harrison, S. P. ; Van Bodegom, P. M. ; Reichstein, M. ; Enquist, B. J. ; Soudzilovskaia, N. A. ; Ackerly, D. D. ; Anand, M. ; Atkin, O. ; Bahn, M. ; Baker, T. R. ; Baldocchi, D. ; Bekker, R. ; Blanco, C. C. ; Blonder, B. ; Bond, W. J. ; Bradstock, R. ; Bunker, D. E. ; Casanoves, F. ; Cavender-Bares, J. ; Chambers, J. Q. ; Chapin, F. S. ; Chave, J. ; Coomes, D. ; Cornwell, W. K. ; Craine, J. M. ; Dobrin, B. H. ; Duarte, L. ; Durka, W. ; Elser, J. ; Esser, G. ; Estiarte, M. ; Fagan, W. F. ; Fang, J. ; Fernández-Méndez, F. ; Fidelis, A. ; Finegan, B. ; Flores, O. ; Ford, H. ; Frank, D. ; Freschet, G. T. ; Fyllas, N. M. ; Gallagher, R. V. ; Green, W. A. ; Gutierrez, A. G. ; Hickler, T. ; Higgins, S. I. ; Hodgson, J. G. ; Jalili, A. ; Jansen, S. ; Joly, C. A. ; Kerkhoff, A. J. ; Kirkup, D. ; Kitajima, K. ; Kleyer, M. ; Klotz, S. ; Knops, J. M.H. ; Kramer, K. ; Kühn, I. ; Kurokawa, H. ; Laughlin, D. ; Lee, T. D. ; Leishman, M. ; Lens, F. ; Lenz, T. ; Lewis, S. L. ; Lloyd, J. ; Llusià, J. ; Louault, F. ; Ma, S. ; Mahecha, M. D. ; Manning, P. ; Massad, T. ; Medlyn, B. E. ; Messier, J. ; Moles, A. T. ; Müller, S. C. ; Nadrowski, K. ; Naeem, S. ; Niinemets, Ü ; Nöllert, S. ; Nüske, A. ; Ogaya, R. ; Oleksyn, J. ; Onipchenko, V. G. ; Onoda, Y. ; Ordoñez, J. ; Overbeck, G. ; Ozinga, W. A. / TRY - a global database of plant traits. In: Global Change Biology. 2011 ; Vol. 17, No. 9. pp. 2905-2935.

@article{a156bffbab394af6a4152c7af1c3b29f,

title = "TRY - a global database of plant traits",

abstract = "Plant traits - the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants and their organs - determine how primary producers respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, influence ecosystem processes and services and provide a link from species richness to ecosystem functional diversity. Trait data thus represent the raw material for a wide range of research from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology to biogeography. Here we present the global database initiative named TRY, which has united a wide range of the plant trait research community worldwide and gained an unprecedented buy-in of trait data: so far 93 trait databases have been contributed. The data repository currently contains almost three million trait entries for 69000 out of the world's 300000 plant species, with a focus on 52 groups of traits characterizing the vegetative and regeneration stages of the plant life cycle, including growth, dispersal, establishment and persistence. A first data analysis shows that most plant traits are approximately log-normally distributed, with widely differing ranges of variation across traits. Most trait variation is between species (interspecific), but significant intraspecific variation is also documented, up to 40% of the overall variation. Plant functional types (PFTs), as commonly used in vegetation models, capture a substantial fraction of the observed variation - but for several traits most variation occurs within PFTs, up to 75% of the overall variation. In the context of vegetation models these traits would better be represented by state variables rather than fixed parameter values. The improved availability of plant trait data in the unified global database is expected to support a paradigm shift from species to trait-based ecology, offer new opportunities for synthetic plant trait research and enable a more realistic and empirically grounded representation of terrestrial vegetation in Earth system models. {\textcopyright} 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.",

keywords = "Comparative ecology, Database, Environmental gradient, Functional diversity, Global analysis, Global change, Interspecific variation, Intraspecific variation, Plant attribute, Plant functional type, Plant trait, Vegetation model",

author = "J. Kattge and S. D{\'i}az and S. Lavorel and Prentice, {I. C.} and P. Leadley and G. B{\"o}nisch and E. Garnier and M. Westoby and Reich, {P. B.} and Wright, {I. J.} and Cornelissen, {J. H.C.} and C. Violle and Harrison, {S. P.} and {Van Bodegom}, {P. M.} and M. Reichstein and Enquist, {B. J.} and Soudzilovskaia, {N. A.} and Ackerly, {D. D.} and M. Anand and O. Atkin and M. Bahn and Baker, {T. R.} and D. Baldocchi and R. Bekker and Blanco, {C. C.} and B. Blonder and Bond, {W. J.} and R. Bradstock and Bunker, {D. E.} and F. Casanoves and J. Cavender-Bares and Chambers, {J. Q.} and Chapin, {F. S.} and J. Chave and D. Coomes and Cornwell, {W. K.} and Craine, {J. M.} and Dobrin, {B. H.} and L. Duarte and W. Durka and J. Elser and G. Esser and M. Estiarte and Fagan, {W. F.} and J. Fang and F. Fern{\'a}ndez-M{\'e}ndez and A. Fidelis and B. Finegan and O. Flores and H. Ford and D. Frank and Freschet, {G. T.} and Fyllas, {N. M.} and Gallagher, {R. V.} and Green, {W. A.} and Gutierrez, {A. G.} and T. Hickler and Higgins, {S. I.} and Hodgson, {J. G.} and A. Jalili and S. Jansen and Joly, {C. A.} and Kerkhoff, {A. J.} and D. Kirkup and K. Kitajima and M. Kleyer and S. Klotz and Knops, {J. M.H.} and K. Kramer and I. K{\"u}hn and H. Kurokawa and D. Laughlin and Lee, {T. D.} and M. Leishman and F. Lens and T. Lenz and Lewis, {S. L.} and J. Lloyd and J. Llusi{\`a} and F. Louault and S. Ma and Mahecha, {M. D.} and P. Manning and T. Massad and Medlyn, {B. E.} and J. Messier and Moles, {A. T.} and M{\"u}ller, {S. C.} and K. Nadrowski and S. Naeem and {\"U} Niinemets and S. N{\"o}llert and A. N{\"u}ske and R. Ogaya and J. Oleksyn and Onipchenko, {V. G.} and Y. Onoda and J. Ordo{\~n}ez and G. Overbeck and Ozinga, {W. A.}",

year = "2011",

month = sep,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02451.x",

language = "English",

volume = "17",

pages = "2905--2935",

journal = "Global Change Biology",

issn = "1354-1013",

number = "9",

}

Kattge, J, Díaz, S, Lavorel, S, Prentice, IC, Leadley, P, Bönisch, G, Garnier, E, Westoby, M, Reich, PB, Wright, IJ, Cornelissen, JHC, Violle, C, Harrison, SP, Van Bodegom, PM, Reichstein, M, Enquist, BJ, Soudzilovskaia, NA, Ackerly, DD, Anand, M, Atkin, O, Bahn, M, Baker, TR, Baldocchi, D, Bekker, R, Blanco, CC, Blonder, B, Bond, WJ, Bradstock, R, Bunker, DE, Casanoves, F, Cavender-Bares, J, Chambers, JQ, Chapin, FS, Chave, J, Coomes, D, Cornwell, WK, Craine, JM, Dobrin, BH, Duarte, L, Durka, W, Elser, J, Esser, G, Estiarte, M, Fagan, WF, Fang, J, Fernández-Méndez, F, Fidelis, A, Finegan, B, Flores, O, Ford, H, Frank, D, Freschet, GT, Fyllas, NM, Gallagher, RV, Green, WA, Gutierrez, AG, Hickler, T, Higgins, SI, Hodgson, JG, Jalili, A, Jansen, S, Joly, CA, Kerkhoff, AJ, Kirkup, D, Kitajima, K, Kleyer, M, Klotz, S, Knops, JMH, Kramer, K, Kühn, I, Kurokawa, H, Laughlin, D, Lee, TD, Leishman, M, Lens, F, Lenz, T, Lewis, SL, Lloyd, J, Llusià, J, Louault, F, Ma, S, Mahecha, MD, Manning, P, Massad, T, Medlyn, BE, Messier, J, Moles, AT, Müller, SC, Nadrowski, K, Naeem, S, Niinemets, Ü, Nöllert, S, Nüske, A, Ogaya, R, Oleksyn, J, Onipchenko, VG, Onoda, Y, Ordoñez, J, Overbeck, G & Ozinga, WA 2011, 'TRY - a global database of plant traits', Global Change Biology, vol. 17, no. 9, pp. 2905-2935. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02451.x

TRY - a global database of plant traits. / Kattge, J.; Díaz, S.; Lavorel, S.; Prentice, I. C.; Leadley, P.; Bönisch, G.; Garnier, E.; Westoby, M.; Reich, P. B.; Wright, I. J.; Cornelissen, J. H.C.; Violle, C.; Harrison, S. P.; Van Bodegom, P. M.; Reichstein, M.; Enquist, B. J.; Soudzilovskaia, N. A.; Ackerly, D. D.; Anand, M.; Atkin, O.; Bahn, M.; Baker, T. R.; Baldocchi, D.; Bekker, R.; Blanco, C. C.; Blonder, B.; Bond, W. J.; Bradstock, R.; Bunker, D. E.; Casanoves, F.; Cavender-Bares, J.; Chambers, J. Q.; Chapin, F. S.; Chave, J.; Coomes, D.; Cornwell, W. K.; Craine, J. M.; Dobrin, B. H.; Duarte, L.; Durka, W.; Elser, J.; Esser, G.; Estiarte, M.; Fagan, W. F.; Fang, J.; Fernández-Méndez, F.; Fidelis, A.; Finegan, B.; Flores, O.; Ford, H.; Frank, D.; Freschet, G. T.; Fyllas, N. M.; Gallagher, R. V.; Green, W. A.; Gutierrez, A. G.; Hickler, T.; Higgins, S. I.; Hodgson, J. G.; Jalili, A.; Jansen, S.; Joly, C. A.; Kerkhoff, A. J.; Kirkup, D.; Kitajima, K.; Kleyer, M.; Klotz, S.; Knops, J. M.H.; Kramer, K.; Kühn, I.; Kurokawa, H.; Laughlin, D.; Lee, T. D.; Leishman, M.; Lens, F.; Lenz, T.; Lewis, S. L.; Lloyd, J.; Llusià, J.; Louault, F.; Ma, S.; Mahecha, M. D.; Manning, P.; Massad, T.; Medlyn, B. E.; Messier, J.; Moles, A. T.; Müller, S. C.; Nadrowski, K.; Naeem, S.; Niinemets, Ü; Nöllert, S.; Nüske, A.; Ogaya, R.; Oleksyn, J.; Onipchenko, V. G.; Onoda, Y.; Ordoñez, J.; Overbeck, G.; Ozinga, W. A.

In: Global Change Biology, Vol. 17, No. 9, 01.09.2011, p. 2905-2935.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Research › peer-review

TY - JOUR

T1 - TRY - a global database of plant traits

AU - Kattge, J.

AU - Díaz, S.

AU - Lavorel, S.

AU - Prentice, I. C.

AU - Leadley, P.

AU - Bönisch, G.

AU - Garnier, E.

AU - Westoby, M.

AU - Reich, P. B.

AU - Wright, I. J.

AU - Cornelissen, J. H.C.

AU - Violle, C.

AU - Harrison, S. P.

AU - Van Bodegom, P. M.

AU - Reichstein, M.

AU - Enquist, B. J.

AU - Soudzilovskaia, N. A.

AU - Ackerly, D. D.

AU - Anand, M.

AU - Atkin, O.

AU - Bahn, M.

AU - Baker, T. R.

AU - Baldocchi, D.

AU - Bekker, R.

AU - Blanco, C. C.

AU - Blonder, B.

AU - Bond, W. J.

AU - Bradstock, R.

AU - Bunker, D. E.

AU - Casanoves, F.

AU - Cavender-Bares, J.

AU - Chambers, J. Q.

AU - Chapin, F. S.

AU - Chave, J.

AU - Coomes, D.

AU - Cornwell, W. K.

AU - Craine, J. M.

AU - Dobrin, B. H.

AU - Duarte, L.

AU - Durka, W.

AU - Elser, J.

AU - Esser, G.

AU - Estiarte, M.

AU - Fagan, W. F.

AU - Fang, J.

AU - Fernández-Méndez, F.

AU - Fidelis, A.

AU - Finegan, B.

AU - Flores, O.

AU - Ford, H.

AU - Frank, D.

AU - Freschet, G. T.

AU - Fyllas, N. M.

AU - Gallagher, R. V.

AU - Green, W. A.

AU - Gutierrez, A. G.

AU - Hickler, T.

AU - Higgins, S. I.

AU - Hodgson, J. G.

AU - Jalili, A.

AU - Jansen, S.

AU - Joly, C. A.

AU - Kerkhoff, A. J.

AU - Kirkup, D.

AU - Kitajima, K.

AU - Kleyer, M.

AU - Klotz, S.

AU - Knops, J. M.H.

AU - Kramer, K.

AU - Kühn, I.

AU - Kurokawa, H.

AU - Laughlin, D.

AU - Lee, T. D.

AU - Leishman, M.

AU - Lens, F.

AU - Lenz, T.

AU - Lewis, S. L.

AU - Lloyd, J.

AU - Llusià, J.

AU - Louault, F.

AU - Ma, S.

AU - Mahecha, M. D.

AU - Manning, P.

AU - Massad, T.

AU - Medlyn, B. E.

AU - Messier, J.

AU - Moles, A. T.

AU - Müller, S. C.

AU - Nadrowski, K.

AU - Naeem, S.

AU - Niinemets, Ü

AU - Nöllert, S.

AU - Nüske, A.

AU - Ogaya, R.

AU - Oleksyn, J.

AU - Onipchenko, V. G.

AU - Onoda, Y.

AU - Ordoñez, J.

AU - Overbeck, G.

AU - Ozinga, W. A.

PY - 2011/9/1

Y1 - 2011/9/1

N2 - Plant traits - the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants and their organs - determine how primary producers respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, influence ecosystem processes and services and provide a link from species richness to ecosystem functional diversity. Trait data thus represent the raw material for a wide range of research from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology to biogeography. Here we present the global database initiative named TRY, which has united a wide range of the plant trait research community worldwide and gained an unprecedented buy-in of trait data: so far 93 trait databases have been contributed. The data repository currently contains almost three million trait entries for 69000 out of the world's 300000 plant species, with a focus on 52 groups of traits characterizing the vegetative and regeneration stages of the plant life cycle, including growth, dispersal, establishment and persistence. A first data analysis shows that most plant traits are approximately log-normally distributed, with widely differing ranges of variation across traits. Most trait variation is between species (interspecific), but significant intraspecific variation is also documented, up to 40% of the overall variation. Plant functional types (PFTs), as commonly used in vegetation models, capture a substantial fraction of the observed variation - but for several traits most variation occurs within PFTs, up to 75% of the overall variation. In the context of vegetation models these traits would better be represented by state variables rather than fixed parameter values. The improved availability of plant trait data in the unified global database is expected to support a paradigm shift from species to trait-based ecology, offer new opportunities for synthetic plant trait research and enable a more realistic and empirically grounded representation of terrestrial vegetation in Earth system models. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

AB - Plant traits - the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants and their organs - determine how primary producers respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, influence ecosystem processes and services and provide a link from species richness to ecosystem functional diversity. Trait data thus represent the raw material for a wide range of research from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology to biogeography. Here we present the global database initiative named TRY, which has united a wide range of the plant trait research community worldwide and gained an unprecedented buy-in of trait data: so far 93 trait databases have been contributed. The data repository currently contains almost three million trait entries for 69000 out of the world's 300000 plant species, with a focus on 52 groups of traits characterizing the vegetative and regeneration stages of the plant life cycle, including growth, dispersal, establishment and persistence. A first data analysis shows that most plant traits are approximately log-normally distributed, with widely differing ranges of variation across traits. Most trait variation is between species (interspecific), but significant intraspecific variation is also documented, up to 40% of the overall variation. Plant functional types (PFTs), as commonly used in vegetation models, capture a substantial fraction of the observed variation - but for several traits most variation occurs within PFTs, up to 75% of the overall variation. In the context of vegetation models these traits would better be represented by state variables rather than fixed parameter values. The improved availability of plant trait data in the unified global database is expected to support a paradigm shift from species to trait-based ecology, offer new opportunities for synthetic plant trait research and enable a more realistic and empirically grounded representation of terrestrial vegetation in Earth system models. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

KW - Comparative ecology

KW - Database

KW - Environmental gradient

KW - Functional diversity

KW - Global analysis

KW - Global change

KW - Interspecific variation

KW - Intraspecific variation

KW - Plant attribute

KW - Plant functional type

KW - Plant trait

KW - Vegetation model

U2 - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02451.x

DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02451.x

M3 - Article

VL - 17

SP - 2905

EP - 2935

JO - Global Change Biology

JF - Global Change Biology

SN - 1354-1013

IS - 9

ER -

TRY - a global database of plant traits

Abstract

Keywords

UN SDGs

Access to Document

Fingerprint

Cite this