Production and characterization of sophorolipids from stearic acid by solid-state fermentation, a cleaner alternative to chemical surfactants

Engineering & Materials Science

• Stearic acid 95%
• Fermentation 73%
• Surface active agents 71%
• Molasses 69%
• Foams 62%
• Detergents 60%
• Characterization (materials science) 57%
• Polyurethanes 46%
• Glycolipids 43%
• Substrates 30%
• Emulsification 30%
• Mass spectrometry 28%
• Yeast 26%
• Water 23%
• Melting point 23%
• Surface tension 23%
• Environmental impact 20%
• Carbon 16%
• Industry 9%
• Costs 8%

Business & Economics

• Surfactant 100%
• Foam 91%
• Fermentation 84%
• Polyurethane 62%
• Detergent 59%
• Characterization 51%
• Substrate 42%
• Water 32%
• Alternatives 30%
• Carbon 23%
• Environmental Impact 20%
• Costs 8%
• Industry 7%

Earth & Environmental Sciences

• solid state 67%
• foam 64%
• fermentation 60%
• surfactant 59%
• detergent 49%
• acid 41%
• chemical 32%
• substrate 29%
• emulsification 27%
• surface tension 22%
• yeast 21%
• mass spectrometry 18%
• environmental impact 17%
• melting 16%
• market 15%
• water 13%
• industry 13%
• carbon 12%
• cost 11%
• temperature 8%
• effect 5%