Molecularly imprinted polymers - towards electrochemical sensors and electronic tongues

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are artificially synthesized materials to mimic the molecular recognition process of biological macromolecules such as substrate-enzyme or antigen-antibody. The combination of these biomimetic materials with electrochemical techniques has allowed the development of advanced sensing devices, which significantly improve the performance of bare or catalyst-modified sensors, being able to unleash new applications. However, despite the high selectivity that MIPs exhibit, those can still show some cross-response towards other compounds, especially with chemically analogous (bio)molecules. Thus, the combination of MIPs with chemometric methods opens the room for the development of what could be considered a new type of electronic tongues, i.e. sensor array systems, based on its usage. In this direction, this review provides an overview of the more common synthetic approaches, as well as the strategies that can be used to achieve the integration of MIPs and electrochemical sensors, followed by some recent examples over different areas in order to illustrate the potential of such combination in very diverse applications.