First multi-wavelength campaign on the gamma-ray-loud active galaxy IC 310

M. L. Ahnen; S. Ansoldi; L. A. Antonelli; C. Arcaro; A. Babić; B. Banerjee; P. Bangale; U. Barres De Almeida; J. A. Barrio; J. Becerra González; W. Bednarek; E. Bernardini; A. Berti; B. Biasuzzi; A. Biland; O. Blanch; S. Bonnefoy; G. Bonnoli; F. Borracci; T. Bretz; R. Carosi; A. Carosi; A. Chatterjee; P. Colin; E. Colombo; J. L. Contreras; J. Cortina; S. Covino; P. Cumani; P. Da Vela; F. Dazzi; A. De Angelis; B. De Lotto; E. De Oña Wilhelmi; F. Di Pierro; M. Doert; A. Domínguez; D. Dominis Prester; D. Dorner; M. Doro; S. Einecke; D. Eisenacher Glawion; D. Elsaesser; M. Engelkemeier; V. Fallah Ramazani; A. Fernández-Barral; D. Fidalgo; M. V. Fonseca; L. Font; C. Fruck; D. Galindo; R. J. García López; M. Garczarczyk; M. Gaug; P. Giammaria; N. Godinović; D. Gora; D. Guberman; D. Hadasch; A. Hahn; T. Hassan; M. Hayashida; J. Herrera; J. Hose; D. Hrupec; G. Hughes; W. Idec; K. Ishio; K. Kodani; Y. Konno; H. Kubo; J. Kushida; D. Lelas; E. Lindfors; S. Lombardi; F. Longo; M. López; P. Majumdar; M. Makariev; K. Mallot; G. Maneva; M. Manganaro; K. Mannheim; L. Maraschi; M. Mariotti; M. Martínez; D. Mazin; U. Menzel; R. Mirzoyan; A. Moralejo; E. Moretti; D. Nakajima; V. Neustroev; A. Niedzwiecki; M. Nievas Rosillo; K. Nilsson; K. Nishijima; K. Noda; L. Nogués; M. Nöthe

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201630347

First multi-wavelength campaign on the gamma-ray-loud active galaxy IC 310

M. L. Ahnen, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, C. Arcaro, A. Babić, B. Banerjee, P. Bangale, U. Barres De Almeida, J. A. Barrio, J. Becerra González, W. Bednarek, E. Bernardini, A. Berti, B. Biasuzzi, A. Biland, O. Blanch, S. Bonnefoy, G. Bonnoli, F. Borracci, T. BretzR. Carosi, A. Carosi, A. Chatterjee, P. Colin, E. Colombo, J. L. Contreras, J. Cortina, S. Covino, P. Cumani, P. Da Vela, F. Dazzi, A. De Angelis, B. De Lotto, E. De Oña Wilhelmi, F. Di Pierro, M. Doert, A. Domínguez, D. Dominis Prester, D. Dorner, M. Doro, S. Einecke, D. Eisenacher Glawion, D. Elsaesser, M. Engelkemeier, V. Fallah Ramazani, A. Fernández-Barral, D. Fidalgo, M. V. Fonseca, L. Font, C. Fruck, D. Galindo, R. J. García López, M. Garczarczyk, M. Gaug, P. Giammaria, N. Godinović, D. Gora, D. Guberman, D. Hadasch, A. Hahn, T. Hassan, M. Hayashida, J. Herrera, J. Hose, D. Hrupec, G. Hughes, W. Idec, K. Ishio, K. Kodani, Y. Konno, H. Kubo, J. Kushida, D. Lelas, E. Lindfors, S. Lombardi, F. Longo, M. López, P. Majumdar, M. Makariev, K. Mallot, G. Maneva, M. Manganaro, K. Mannheim, L. Maraschi, M. Mariotti, M. Martínez, D. Mazin, U. Menzel, R. Mirzoyan, A. Moralejo, E. Moretti, D. Nakajima, V. Neustroev, A. Niedzwiecki, M. Nievas Rosillo, K. Nilsson, K. Nishijima, K. Noda, L. Nogués, M. Nöthe

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Research › peer-review

14 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

© ESO, 2017. Context. The extragalactic very-high-energy gamma-ray sky is rich in blazars. These are jetted active galactic nuclei that are viewed at a small angle to the line-of-sight. Only a handful of objects viewed at a larger angle are so far known to emit above 100 GeV. Multi-wavelength studies of such objects up to the highest energies provide new insights into the particle and radiation processes of active galactic nuclei. Aims. We aim to report the results from the first multi-wavelength campaign observing the TeV detected nucleus of the active galaxy IC 310, whose jet is observed at a moderate viewing angle of 10°-20°. Methods. The multi-instrument campaign was conducted between 2012 November and 2013 January, and involved observations with MAGIC, Fermi, INTEGRAL, Swift, OVRO, MOJAVE and EVN. These observations were complemented with archival data from the AllWISE and 2MASS catalogs. A one-zone synchrotron self-Compton model was applied to describe the broadband spectral energy distribution. Results. IC 310 showed an extraordinary TeV flare at the beginning of the campaign, followed by a low, but still detectable TeV flux. Compared to previous measurements in this energy range, the spectral shape was found to be steeper during the low emission state. Simultaneous observations in the soft X-ray band showed an enhanced energy flux state and a harder-when-brighter spectral shape behavior. No strong correlated flux variability was found in other frequency regimes. The broadband spectral energy distribution obtained from these observations supports the hypothesis of a double-hump structure. Conclusions. The harder-when-brighter trend in the X-ray and VHE emission, observed for the first time during this campaign, is consistent with the behavior expected from a synchrotron self-Compton scenario. The contemporaneous broadband spectral energy distribution is well described with a one-zone synchrotron self-Compton model using parameters that are comparable to those found for other gamma-ray-emitting misaligned blazars.

Original language	English
Article number	A25
Journal	Astronomy and Astrophysics
Volume	603
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201630347
Publication status	Published - 1 Jul 2017

Keywords

Galaxies: active
Galaxies: individual: IC 310
Gamma rays: galaxies

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Ahnen, M. L., Ansoldi, S., Antonelli, L. A., Arcaro, C., Babić, A., Banerjee, B., Bangale, P., Barres De Almeida, U., Barrio, J. A., Becerra González, J., Bednarek, W., Bernardini, E., Berti, A., Biasuzzi, B., Biland, A., Blanch, O., Bonnefoy, S., Bonnoli, G., Borracci, F., ... Nöthe, M. (2017). First multi-wavelength campaign on the gamma-ray-loud active galaxy IC 310. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 603, [A25]. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201630347

Ahnen, M. L. ; Ansoldi, S. ; Antonelli, L. A. ; Arcaro, C. ; Babić, A. ; Banerjee, B. ; Bangale, P. ; Barres De Almeida, U. ; Barrio, J. A. ; Becerra González, J. ; Bednarek, W. ; Bernardini, E. ; Berti, A. ; Biasuzzi, B. ; Biland, A. ; Blanch, O. ; Bonnefoy, S. ; Bonnoli, G. ; Borracci, F. ; Bretz, T. ; Carosi, R. ; Carosi, A. ; Chatterjee, A. ; Colin, P. ; Colombo, E. ; Contreras, J. L. ; Cortina, J. ; Covino, S. ; Cumani, P. ; Da Vela, P. ; Dazzi, F. ; De Angelis, A. ; De Lotto, B. ; De Oña Wilhelmi, E. ; Di Pierro, F. ; Doert, M. ; Domínguez, A. ; Dominis Prester, D. ; Dorner, D. ; Doro, M. ; Einecke, S. ; Eisenacher Glawion, D. ; Elsaesser, D. ; Engelkemeier, M. ; Fallah Ramazani, V. ; Fernández-Barral, A. ; Fidalgo, D. ; Fonseca, M. V. ; Font, L. ; Fruck, C. ; Galindo, D. ; García López, R. J. ; Garczarczyk, M. ; Gaug, M. ; Giammaria, P. ; Godinović, N. ; Gora, D. ; Guberman, D. ; Hadasch, D. ; Hahn, A. ; Hassan, T. ; Hayashida, M. ; Herrera, J. ; Hose, J. ; Hrupec, D. ; Hughes, G. ; Idec, W. ; Ishio, K. ; Kodani, K. ; Konno, Y. ; Kubo, H. ; Kushida, J. ; Lelas, D. ; Lindfors, E. ; Lombardi, S. ; Longo, F. ; López, M. ; Majumdar, P. ; Makariev, M. ; Mallot, K. ; Maneva, G. ; Manganaro, M. ; Mannheim, K. ; Maraschi, L. ; Mariotti, M. ; Martínez, M. ; Mazin, D. ; Menzel, U. ; Mirzoyan, R. ; Moralejo, A. ; Moretti, E. ; Nakajima, D. ; Neustroev, V. ; Niedzwiecki, A. ; Nievas Rosillo, M. ; Nilsson, K. ; Nishijima, K. ; Noda, K. ; Nogués, L. ; Nöthe, M. / First multi-wavelength campaign on the gamma-ray-loud active galaxy IC 310. In: Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2017 ; Vol. 603.

@article{18b659b76a894c98a1b96ab533692bd7,

title = "First multi-wavelength campaign on the gamma-ray-loud active galaxy IC 310",

abstract = "{\textcopyright} ESO, 2017. Context. The extragalactic very-high-energy gamma-ray sky is rich in blazars. These are jetted active galactic nuclei that are viewed at a small angle to the line-of-sight. Only a handful of objects viewed at a larger angle are so far known to emit above 100 GeV. Multi-wavelength studies of such objects up to the highest energies provide new insights into the particle and radiation processes of active galactic nuclei. Aims. We aim to report the results from the first multi-wavelength campaign observing the TeV detected nucleus of the active galaxy IC 310, whose jet is observed at a moderate viewing angle of 10°-20°. Methods. The multi-instrument campaign was conducted between 2012 November and 2013 January, and involved observations with MAGIC, Fermi, INTEGRAL, Swift, OVRO, MOJAVE and EVN. These observations were complemented with archival data from the AllWISE and 2MASS catalogs. A one-zone synchrotron self-Compton model was applied to describe the broadband spectral energy distribution. Results. IC 310 showed an extraordinary TeV flare at the beginning of the campaign, followed by a low, but still detectable TeV flux. Compared to previous measurements in this energy range, the spectral shape was found to be steeper during the low emission state. Simultaneous observations in the soft X-ray band showed an enhanced energy flux state and a harder-when-brighter spectral shape behavior. No strong correlated flux variability was found in other frequency regimes. The broadband spectral energy distribution obtained from these observations supports the hypothesis of a double-hump structure. Conclusions. The harder-when-brighter trend in the X-ray and VHE emission, observed for the first time during this campaign, is consistent with the behavior expected from a synchrotron self-Compton scenario. The contemporaneous broadband spectral energy distribution is well described with a one-zone synchrotron self-Compton model using parameters that are comparable to those found for other gamma-ray-emitting misaligned blazars.",

keywords = "Galaxies: active, Galaxies: individual: IC 310, Gamma rays: galaxies",

author = "Ahnen, {M. L.} and S. Ansoldi and Antonelli, {L. A.} and C. Arcaro and A. Babi{\'c} and B. Banerjee and P. Bangale and {Barres De Almeida}, U. and Barrio, {J. A.} and {Becerra Gonz{\'a}lez}, J. and W. Bednarek and E. Bernardini and A. Berti and B. Biasuzzi and A. Biland and O. Blanch and S. Bonnefoy and G. Bonnoli and F. Borracci and T. Bretz and R. Carosi and A. Carosi and A. Chatterjee and P. Colin and E. Colombo and Contreras, {J. L.} and J. Cortina and S. Covino and P. Cumani and {Da Vela}, P. and F. Dazzi and {De Angelis}, A. and {De Lotto}, B. and {De O{\~n}a Wilhelmi}, E. and {Di Pierro}, F. and M. Doert and A. Dom{\'i}nguez and {Dominis Prester}, D. and D. Dorner and M. Doro and S. Einecke and {Eisenacher Glawion}, D. and D. Elsaesser and M. Engelkemeier and {Fallah Ramazani}, V. and A. Fern{\'a}ndez-Barral and D. Fidalgo and Fonseca, {M. V.} and L. Font and C. Fruck and D. Galindo and {Garc{\'i}a L{\'o}pez}, {R. J.} and M. Garczarczyk and M. Gaug and P. Giammaria and N. Godinovi{\'c} and D. Gora and D. Guberman and D. Hadasch and A. Hahn and T. Hassan and M. Hayashida and J. Herrera and J. Hose and D. Hrupec and G. Hughes and W. Idec and K. Ishio and K. Kodani and Y. Konno and H. Kubo and J. Kushida and D. Lelas and E. Lindfors and S. Lombardi and F. Longo and M. L{\'o}pez and P. Majumdar and M. Makariev and K. Mallot and G. Maneva and M. Manganaro and K. Mannheim and L. Maraschi and M. Mariotti and M. Mart{\'i}nez and D. Mazin and U. Menzel and R. Mirzoyan and A. Moralejo and E. Moretti and D. Nakajima and V. Neustroev and A. Niedzwiecki and {Nievas Rosillo}, M. and K. Nilsson and K. Nishijima and K. Noda and L. Nogu{\'e}s and M. N{\"o}the",

year = "2017",

month = jul,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1051/0004-6361/201630347",

language = "English",

volume = "603",

journal = "Astronomy and Astrophysics",

issn = "0004-6361",

}

Ahnen, ML, Ansoldi, S, Antonelli, LA, Arcaro, C, Babić, A, Banerjee, B, Bangale, P, Barres De Almeida, U, Barrio, JA, Becerra González, J, Bednarek, W, Bernardini, E, Berti, A, Biasuzzi, B, Biland, A, Blanch, O, Bonnefoy, S, Bonnoli, G, Borracci, F, Bretz, T, Carosi, R, Carosi, A, Chatterjee, A, Colin, P, Colombo, E, Contreras, JL, Cortina, J, Covino, S, Cumani, P, Da Vela, P, Dazzi, F, De Angelis, A, De Lotto, B, De Oña Wilhelmi, E, Di Pierro, F, Doert, M, Domínguez, A, Dominis Prester, D, Dorner, D, Doro, M, Einecke, S, Eisenacher Glawion, D, Elsaesser, D, Engelkemeier, M, Fallah Ramazani, V, Fernández-Barral, A, Fidalgo, D, Fonseca, MV, Font, L, Fruck, C, Galindo, D, García López, RJ, Garczarczyk, M, Gaug, M, Giammaria, P, Godinović, N, Gora, D, Guberman, D, Hadasch, D, Hahn, A, Hassan, T, Hayashida, M, Herrera, J, Hose, J, Hrupec, D, Hughes, G, Idec, W, Ishio, K, Kodani, K, Konno, Y, Kubo, H, Kushida, J, Lelas, D, Lindfors, E, Lombardi, S, Longo, F, López, M, Majumdar, P, Makariev, M, Mallot, K, Maneva, G, Manganaro, M, Mannheim, K, Maraschi, L, Mariotti, M, Martínez, M, Mazin, D, Menzel, U, Mirzoyan, R, Moralejo, A, Moretti, E, Nakajima, D, Neustroev, V, Niedzwiecki, A, Nievas Rosillo, M, Nilsson, K, Nishijima, K, Noda, K, Nogués, L & Nöthe, M 2017, 'First multi-wavelength campaign on the gamma-ray-loud active galaxy IC 310', Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 603, A25. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201630347

First multi-wavelength campaign on the gamma-ray-loud active galaxy IC 310. / Ahnen, M. L.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A.; Arcaro, C.; Babić, A.; Banerjee, B.; Bangale, P.; Barres De Almeida, U.; Barrio, J. A.; Becerra González, J.; Bednarek, W.; Bernardini, E.; Berti, A.; Biasuzzi, B.; Biland, A.; Blanch, O.; Bonnefoy, S.; Bonnoli, G.; Borracci, F.; Bretz, T.; Carosi, R.; Carosi, A.; Chatterjee, A.; Colin, P.; Colombo, E.; Contreras, J. L.; Cortina, J.; Covino, S.; Cumani, P.; Da Vela, P.; Dazzi, F.; De Angelis, A.; De Lotto, B.; De Oña Wilhelmi, E.; Di Pierro, F.; Doert, M.; Domínguez, A.; Dominis Prester, D.; Dorner, D.; Doro, M.; Einecke, S.; Eisenacher Glawion, D.; Elsaesser, D.; Engelkemeier, M.; Fallah Ramazani, V.; Fernández-Barral, A.; Fidalgo, D.; Fonseca, M. V.; Font, L.; Fruck, C.; Galindo, D.; García López, R. J.; Garczarczyk, M.; Gaug, M.; Giammaria, P.; Godinović, N.; Gora, D.; Guberman, D.; Hadasch, D.; Hahn, A.; Hassan, T.; Hayashida, M.; Herrera, J.; Hose, J.; Hrupec, D.; Hughes, G.; Idec, W.; Ishio, K.; Kodani, K.; Konno, Y.; Kubo, H.; Kushida, J.; Lelas, D.; Lindfors, E.; Lombardi, S.; Longo, F.; López, M.; Majumdar, P.; Makariev, M.; Mallot, K.; Maneva, G.; Manganaro, M.; Mannheim, K.; Maraschi, L.; Mariotti, M.; Martínez, M.; Mazin, D.; Menzel, U.; Mirzoyan, R.; Moralejo, A.; Moretti, E.; Nakajima, D.; Neustroev, V.; Niedzwiecki, A.; Nievas Rosillo, M.; Nilsson, K.; Nishijima, K.; Noda, K.; Nogués, L.; Nöthe, M.

In: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 603, A25, 01.07.2017.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Research › peer-review

TY - JOUR

T1 - First multi-wavelength campaign on the gamma-ray-loud active galaxy IC 310

AU - Ahnen, M. L.

AU - Ansoldi, S.

AU - Antonelli, L. A.

AU - Arcaro, C.

AU - Babić, A.

AU - Banerjee, B.

AU - Bangale, P.

AU - Barres De Almeida, U.

AU - Barrio, J. A.

AU - Becerra González, J.

AU - Bednarek, W.

AU - Bernardini, E.

AU - Berti, A.

AU - Biasuzzi, B.

AU - Biland, A.

AU - Blanch, O.

AU - Bonnefoy, S.

AU - Bonnoli, G.

AU - Borracci, F.

AU - Bretz, T.

AU - Carosi, R.

AU - Carosi, A.

AU - Chatterjee, A.

AU - Colin, P.

AU - Colombo, E.

AU - Contreras, J. L.

AU - Cortina, J.

AU - Covino, S.

AU - Cumani, P.

AU - Da Vela, P.

AU - Dazzi, F.

AU - De Angelis, A.

AU - De Lotto, B.

AU - De Oña Wilhelmi, E.

AU - Di Pierro, F.

AU - Doert, M.

AU - Domínguez, A.

AU - Dominis Prester, D.

AU - Dorner, D.

AU - Doro, M.

AU - Einecke, S.

AU - Eisenacher Glawion, D.

AU - Elsaesser, D.

AU - Engelkemeier, M.

AU - Fallah Ramazani, V.

AU - Fernández-Barral, A.

AU - Fidalgo, D.

AU - Fonseca, M. V.

AU - Font, L.

AU - Fruck, C.

AU - Galindo, D.

AU - García López, R. J.

AU - Garczarczyk, M.

AU - Gaug, M.

AU - Giammaria, P.

AU - Godinović, N.

AU - Gora, D.

AU - Guberman, D.

AU - Hadasch, D.

AU - Hahn, A.

AU - Hassan, T.

AU - Hayashida, M.

AU - Herrera, J.

AU - Hose, J.

AU - Hrupec, D.

AU - Hughes, G.

AU - Idec, W.

AU - Ishio, K.

AU - Kodani, K.

AU - Konno, Y.

AU - Kubo, H.

AU - Kushida, J.

AU - Lelas, D.

AU - Lindfors, E.

AU - Lombardi, S.

AU - Longo, F.

AU - López, M.

AU - Majumdar, P.

AU - Makariev, M.

AU - Mallot, K.

AU - Maneva, G.

AU - Manganaro, M.

AU - Mannheim, K.

AU - Maraschi, L.

AU - Mariotti, M.

AU - Martínez, M.

AU - Mazin, D.

AU - Menzel, U.

AU - Mirzoyan, R.

AU - Moralejo, A.

AU - Moretti, E.

AU - Nakajima, D.

AU - Neustroev, V.

AU - Niedzwiecki, A.

AU - Nievas Rosillo, M.

AU - Nilsson, K.

AU - Nishijima, K.

AU - Noda, K.

AU - Nogués, L.

AU - Nöthe, M.

PY - 2017/7/1

Y1 - 2017/7/1

N2 - © ESO, 2017. Context. The extragalactic very-high-energy gamma-ray sky is rich in blazars. These are jetted active galactic nuclei that are viewed at a small angle to the line-of-sight. Only a handful of objects viewed at a larger angle are so far known to emit above 100 GeV. Multi-wavelength studies of such objects up to the highest energies provide new insights into the particle and radiation processes of active galactic nuclei. Aims. We aim to report the results from the first multi-wavelength campaign observing the TeV detected nucleus of the active galaxy IC 310, whose jet is observed at a moderate viewing angle of 10°-20°. Methods. The multi-instrument campaign was conducted between 2012 November and 2013 January, and involved observations with MAGIC, Fermi, INTEGRAL, Swift, OVRO, MOJAVE and EVN. These observations were complemented with archival data from the AllWISE and 2MASS catalogs. A one-zone synchrotron self-Compton model was applied to describe the broadband spectral energy distribution. Results. IC 310 showed an extraordinary TeV flare at the beginning of the campaign, followed by a low, but still detectable TeV flux. Compared to previous measurements in this energy range, the spectral shape was found to be steeper during the low emission state. Simultaneous observations in the soft X-ray band showed an enhanced energy flux state and a harder-when-brighter spectral shape behavior. No strong correlated flux variability was found in other frequency regimes. The broadband spectral energy distribution obtained from these observations supports the hypothesis of a double-hump structure. Conclusions. The harder-when-brighter trend in the X-ray and VHE emission, observed for the first time during this campaign, is consistent with the behavior expected from a synchrotron self-Compton scenario. The contemporaneous broadband spectral energy distribution is well described with a one-zone synchrotron self-Compton model using parameters that are comparable to those found for other gamma-ray-emitting misaligned blazars.

AB - © ESO, 2017. Context. The extragalactic very-high-energy gamma-ray sky is rich in blazars. These are jetted active galactic nuclei that are viewed at a small angle to the line-of-sight. Only a handful of objects viewed at a larger angle are so far known to emit above 100 GeV. Multi-wavelength studies of such objects up to the highest energies provide new insights into the particle and radiation processes of active galactic nuclei. Aims. We aim to report the results from the first multi-wavelength campaign observing the TeV detected nucleus of the active galaxy IC 310, whose jet is observed at a moderate viewing angle of 10°-20°. Methods. The multi-instrument campaign was conducted between 2012 November and 2013 January, and involved observations with MAGIC, Fermi, INTEGRAL, Swift, OVRO, MOJAVE and EVN. These observations were complemented with archival data from the AllWISE and 2MASS catalogs. A one-zone synchrotron self-Compton model was applied to describe the broadband spectral energy distribution. Results. IC 310 showed an extraordinary TeV flare at the beginning of the campaign, followed by a low, but still detectable TeV flux. Compared to previous measurements in this energy range, the spectral shape was found to be steeper during the low emission state. Simultaneous observations in the soft X-ray band showed an enhanced energy flux state and a harder-when-brighter spectral shape behavior. No strong correlated flux variability was found in other frequency regimes. The broadband spectral energy distribution obtained from these observations supports the hypothesis of a double-hump structure. Conclusions. The harder-when-brighter trend in the X-ray and VHE emission, observed for the first time during this campaign, is consistent with the behavior expected from a synchrotron self-Compton scenario. The contemporaneous broadband spectral energy distribution is well described with a one-zone synchrotron self-Compton model using parameters that are comparable to those found for other gamma-ray-emitting misaligned blazars.

KW - Galaxies: active

KW - Galaxies: individual: IC 310

KW - Gamma rays: galaxies

U2 - 10.1051/0004-6361/201630347

DO - 10.1051/0004-6361/201630347

M3 - Article

VL - 603

JO - Astronomy and Astrophysics

JF - Astronomy and Astrophysics

SN - 0004-6361

M1 - A25

ER -