@article{5ebe713597844af6b6e0f17e3fb94b56,
title = "Factors associated with specific causes of death amongst HIV-positive individuals in the D:A:D study: The data collection on adverse events of anti-HIV drugs (D:A:D) study group",
abstract = "Objective: To investigate any emerging trends in causes of death amongst HIV-positive individuals in the current cART era, and to investigate the factors associated with each specific cause of death. Design: An observational multicentre cohort study. Methods: All HIV-positive individuals included in one of the cohorts in the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV drugs (D:A:D) Study were included. The association between HIV-specific and non HIV-specific risk factors and death were studied using multivariable Poisson regression. Results: We observed 2482 deaths in 180 176 person-years (PY) on 33 308 individuals [rate/1000 PY = 13.8 (95% CI 13.2-14.3)]. Primary causes of death were: AIDS (n = 743; rate/1000 PY = 4.12), liver-related (341; 1.89), CVD-related (289; 1.60), non-AIDS malignancy (286; 1.59). The overall rate of death fell from 16.9 in 1999/2000 to 9.6/1000 PY in 2007/2008. Smoking was associated with CVD and non-AIDS cancers, HBV and HCV co-infection with liver-related deaths, and hypertension with liver-related and CVD deaths. Diabetes was a risk factor for all specific causes of death except non-AIDS cancers, and higher current HIV RNA for AIDS-related deaths. Lower CD4 cell counts were associated with a higher risk of death from all specific causes of death. Conclusion: Multiple potentially modifiable traditional and HIV-specific risk factors for death of HIV-infected persons were identified. The maximum reduction in mortality in HIV-infected populations will require that each of these factors be appropriately addressed. No trends in terms of emerging causes of unexpected deaths were observed, although monitoring will continue. {\textcopyright} 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.",
keywords = "death, modifiable risk factors, antiretrovirus agent, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, adult, article, cardiovascular disease, cause of death, CD4 lymphocyte count, diabetes mellitus, female, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, human, Human immunodeficiency virus, Human immunodeficiency virus infection, hypertension, liver disease, major clinical study, male, mixed infection, neoplasm, observational study, priority journal, smoking, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active, Australia, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cause of Death, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Europe, Female, HIV Infections, Humans, Male, Neoplasms, Risk Factors, United States",
author = "C. Smith and Ferran Torres",
note = "Cited By :348 Export Date: 17 February 2022 CODEN: AIDSE Correspondence Address: Smith, C.; Research Department of Infection and Population Health, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, United Kingdom; email: c.smith@ucl.ac.uk Funding details: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIAID, U01AI042170, U01AI046362, U01AI069907 Funding details: Medical Research Council, MRC, G0701639 References: Mocroft, A., Ledergerber, B., Katlama, C., Kirk, K.A., Reiss, P., D'Armi-Nio Monforte, A., Decline in the AIDS and death rates in the EuroSIDA study: An observational study (2003) Lancet, 362, pp. 22-29; Palella, F.J., Delaney, K.M., Moorman, A.C., Loveless, M.O., Fuhrer, J., Satten, G.A., Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection (1998) N Engl J Med, 338, pp. 853-860; Lodwick, R., Porter, K., Sabin, C., Ledergerber, B., Cozzi-Lepri, A., Khaykin, P., Age-and sex-specific death rates in ART-n{\"a}ive patients with CD4 cell count above 350cells/mm3 compared with the general population (2008) 15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, , February 3-6 2008 Boston, USA Ref Type: Abstract; Bhaskaran, K., Hamouda, O., Sannes, M., Boufassa, F., Johnson, A.M., Lambert, P.C., Changes in the risk of death after HIV seroconversion compared with mortality in the general population (2008) JAMA, 300, pp. 51-59; Marin, B., Thiebaut, R., Bucher, H.C., Rondeau, V., Costagliola, D., Dorrucci, M., Non-AIDS defining deaths and immunodeficiency in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. 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year = "2010",
month = jun,
doi = "10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833a0918",
language = "English",
volume = "24",
pages = "1537--1548",
number = "10",
}
