TY - JOUR
T1 - Degradation of the drug sodium diclofenac by Trametes versicolor pellets and identification of some intermediates by NMR
AU - Marco-Urrea, Ernest
AU - Pérez-Trujillo, Miriam
AU - Cruz-Morató, Carles
AU - Caminal, Gloria
AU - Vicent, Teresa
PY - 2010/4/15
Y1 - 2010/4/15
N2 - Degradation of diclofenac sodium, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug widely found in the aquatic environment, was assessed using the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor. Almost complete diclofenac removal (≥94%) occurred the first hour with T. versicolor pellets when the drug was added at relatively high (10 mg L-1) and environmentally relevant low (45 μg L-1) concentrations in a defined liquid medium. In vivo and in vitro experiments using the cytochrome P450 inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole and purified laccase, respectively, suggested at least two different mechanisms employed by T. versicolor to initiate diclofenac degradation. Two hydroxylated metabolites, 4′-hydroxydiclofenac and 5-hydroxydiclofenac, were structurally elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance as degradation intermediates in fungal cultures spiked with diclofenac. Both parent compound and intermediates disappeared after 24 h leading to a decrease in ecotoxicity calculated by the Microtox test. Laccase-catalyzed transformation of diclofenac led to the formation of 4-(2,6-dichlorophenylamino)-1,3-benzenedimethanol, which was not detected in in vivo experiments probably due to the low laccase activity levels observed through the first hours of incubation. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
AB - Degradation of diclofenac sodium, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug widely found in the aquatic environment, was assessed using the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor. Almost complete diclofenac removal (≥94%) occurred the first hour with T. versicolor pellets when the drug was added at relatively high (10 mg L-1) and environmentally relevant low (45 μg L-1) concentrations in a defined liquid medium. In vivo and in vitro experiments using the cytochrome P450 inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole and purified laccase, respectively, suggested at least two different mechanisms employed by T. versicolor to initiate diclofenac degradation. Two hydroxylated metabolites, 4′-hydroxydiclofenac and 5-hydroxydiclofenac, were structurally elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance as degradation intermediates in fungal cultures spiked with diclofenac. Both parent compound and intermediates disappeared after 24 h leading to a decrease in ecotoxicity calculated by the Microtox test. Laccase-catalyzed transformation of diclofenac led to the formation of 4-(2,6-dichlorophenylamino)-1,3-benzenedimethanol, which was not detected in in vivo experiments probably due to the low laccase activity levels observed through the first hours of incubation. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
KW - Degradation
KW - Diclofenac
KW - Laccase
KW - NMR
KW - Trametes versicolor
KW - White-rot fungus
U2 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.112
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.112
M3 - Article
VL - 176
SP - 836
EP - 842
JO - Journal of Hazardous Materials
JF - Journal of Hazardous Materials
SN - 0304-3894
ER -