Cyclooxygenase 2 inhibition exacerbates palmitate-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells

Palmitate-induced inflammation is involved in the development of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells. Here we evaluated the effect of the saturated fatty acid palmitate and the monounsaturated fatty acid oleate on Toll-like receptors (TLR)-2 and -4 and cyclooxygenase2(COX-2) expression and examined whether the inhibition of this enzyme modulates fatty acid-induced inflammation. Skeletal muscle cells exposed to palmitate showed enhanced TLR-2 and COX-2mRNA levels, whereas oleate did not modify their expression. Palmitate-induced expression of these genes was dependent on nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation, because expression was reduced in the presence of the NF-κB inhibitor parthenolide. Co-incubation of palmitate-exposed cells with oleate also prevented the increase in the expression of TLR-2 and COX-2, through a mechanism that may involve activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α(PPARα) by this monounsaturated fatty acid. COX-2 inhibition by NS-398 enhanced IL-6 and TNF-α expression and IL-6 protein secretion induced by palmitate. NF-κB binding activity and TNF-α mRNA levels were enhanced in palmitate-exposed cells in the absence or in the presence of NS-398, whereas coincubation of palmitate-exposed cells with NS-398 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) prevented these changes. In contrast, 12-lypoxygenase and cytochrome P450 hydroxylase pathways were not involved in these changes. Similarly, COX-2 inhibition impaired insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and 2-deoxy-D-[ 14C]glucose uptake in palmitate-exposed skeletal muscle cells, and this effect was abolished in the presence of PGE2. These findings indicate that COX-2 activity, through the production of PGE2, attenuates the fatty acid-induced inflammatory process and insulin resistance. Copyright © 2010 by The Endocrine Society.