TY - JOUR
T1 - Aging in CMOS RF Linear Power Amplifiers: An Experimental Study
AU - Nafria, M
AU - Martin Martinez, Javier
AU - Crespo Yepes, Albert
AU - Rodriguez Martinez, Rosana
AU - Barajas, Enrique
AU - Mateo, Diego
AU - Aragones, Xavier
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 1963-2012 IEEE.
PY - 2021/2/1
Y1 - 2021/2/1
N2 - An extensive experimental analysis of the hot carrier injection (HCI) and bias temperature instability (BTI) aging effects on RF linear power amplifiers (PAs) is presented in this article. Two different 2.45-GHz PA topologies have been implemented in a CMOS 65-nm technology: one based on a classical common-source (CS) and choke inductor and another one based on a complementary current-reuse (CR) circuit, both of them producing similar gain and output 1-dB compression point (P-1dB). These circuits have been stressed to produce accelerated aging degradation, by applying increasing supply (V-DD) voltages or increasing RF input powers (P-IN). The degradation on the transistor parameters (threshold voltage and mobility), dc bias point (I-dc current), and RF performance (gain, matching, and compression point) has been simultaneously measured. This has allowed us to observe how the reduced transistor degradation in CR PA results in higher robustness in its RF parameters compared with the CS PA circuit. The equivalent root-meansquare (rms) voltages have been proposed as an observable metric to assess the combined dc + RF stress in a PA circuit. This has been applied to a semianalytical model, providing comprehension of the link between the conditions under which a circuit is operated, the degradation of the transistor parameters, and the effects on the dc current and RF performance.
AB - An extensive experimental analysis of the hot carrier injection (HCI) and bias temperature instability (BTI) aging effects on RF linear power amplifiers (PAs) is presented in this article. Two different 2.45-GHz PA topologies have been implemented in a CMOS 65-nm technology: one based on a classical common-source (CS) and choke inductor and another one based on a complementary current-reuse (CR) circuit, both of them producing similar gain and output 1-dB compression point (P-1dB). These circuits have been stressed to produce accelerated aging degradation, by applying increasing supply (V-DD) voltages or increasing RF input powers (P-IN). The degradation on the transistor parameters (threshold voltage and mobility), dc bias point (I-dc current), and RF performance (gain, matching, and compression point) has been simultaneously measured. This has allowed us to observe how the reduced transistor degradation in CR PA results in higher robustness in its RF parameters compared with the CS PA circuit. The equivalent root-meansquare (rms) voltages have been proposed as an observable metric to assess the combined dc + RF stress in a PA circuit. This has been applied to a semianalytical model, providing comprehension of the link between the conditions under which a circuit is operated, the degradation of the transistor parameters, and the effects on the dc current and RF performance.
KW - Aging
KW - RF power amplifiers (PAs)
KW - bias temperature instability (BTI)
KW - hot carrier injection (HCI)
KW - reliability
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85097952325&partnerID=8YFLogxK
M3 - Article
VL - 69
SP - 1453
EP - 1463
JO - IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
JF - IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
SN - 0018-9480
IS - 2
M1 - 9290396
ER -