The possibilities of conscious experience in light of the dual origin hypothesis of the neocortex

According to contemporary psycho- and physiological perspectives, the brain supports our experience of the world by constantly anticipating what may happen next. In this context, limbic mesocortical areas have been proposed to play a key domain-general role in cortical processing, holding highly abstract content that may be efficiently broadcasted to virtually the whole brain, ultimately integrating interoception into a unified field of experience from the point of view of someone who has a body. Here we ground the evolutionary basis of such structural and functional organization in the hypothesis of the dual origin of the neocortex, suggesting that the addition of phylogenetically newer cortical types with modality-specific processing may have enabled the primitive polysensory role of limbic mesocortical areas to evolve into a multimodal coordinator within an ever more complex brain, favoring the possibilities of conscious experience. Moreover, two fundamental functional axes with relevance for allostasis emerge: (i) a navigation/spatial versus exchange/contact axis; and (ii) a sensing versus acting axis. The former summarizes a fundamental distinction between spatial navigation and musculoskeletal control versus close interactions in the intimate and internal spheres; the latter reflects a functional (although intimately linked) distinction between sensory and motor aspects. These axes define a conceptual bidimensional space across cortical types where virtually all cortical areas may be placed according to their functional relevance, with limbic mesocortices ultimately integrating experience across sensory-motor function and navigation-exchange. These notions have important implications for our understanding of allostasis and human experience.