Nasal Stimulation Response in Neurologically Normal Dogs and Cats

Tomás Elvira; Tim Sparks; Julien Guevar; Vicente Aige Gil; Rodrigo Gutierrez-Quintana; Josep Brocal

doi:10.1111/jvim.70118

Nasal Stimulation Response in Neurologically Normal Dogs and Cats

Tomás Elvira, Tim Sparks, Julien Guevar, Vicente Aige Gil, Rodrigo Gutierrez-Quintana, Josep Brocal

Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals

School of Veterinary Medicine

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Background: El rang de respostes normals a l'estimulació nasal (NSR) observades en gossos i gats neurològicament intactes no s'ha notificat. Hipòtesi/Objectius: Informar del rang de respostes mentre es realitza NSR en gossos i gats neurològicament normals. Animals: Vint gossos i vint gats, tots neurològicament normals. Mètodes: Estudi descriptiu prospectiu. Es va realitzar un test de resposta a l'estimulació nasal quatre vegades en cada animal. Les respostes a NSR es van registrar i es van descriure. A continuació es va fer una avaluació cadàver neuroanatòmica per intentar correlacionar les respostes amb anatomia. Resultats: La retirada del cap era la resposta més comuna observada tant en gossos com en gats; estava present en tots els animals i durant 15льљ/160 estimulacions. Altres respostes observades incloïen una reacció de llepar el llavi (39/40 animals i en 121/160 estimulacions) i la reacció d'espantar-se (17/40 animals i en 34/160 estimulacions). L'última estava present significativament més sovint (p = 0.026) en els gats (8/80 de les estimulacions en gossos i 26/80 de les estimulacions en gats). La ubicació de l'examen (a casa o a l'hospital veterinari), estrès, o cobrir-se els ulls no va afectar significativament les respostes. Conclusions i importància clínica Relevancia: La retirada del cap és una resposta consistent, però en la seva absència, buscar una reacció de llepar el llavi o espantar-se podria donar suport a la funció normal de la via.

Idioma original	Anglès
Número d’article	e70118
Nombre de pàgines	8
Revista	Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
Volum	39
Número	3
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.70118
Estat de la publicació	Publicada - de maig 2025

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10.1111/jvim.70118

https://ddd.uab.cat/record/320590

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@article{6cbd76ce7ff44aad91970fe2806b8026,

title = "Nasal Stimulation Response in Neurologically Normal Dogs and Cats",

abstract = "Background: The range of normal responses to nasal stimulation (NSR) observed in neurologically intact dogs and cats has not been reported. Hypothesis/Objectives: Report the responses range while performing NSR in neurologically normal dogs and cats. Animals: Twenty dogs and twenty cats, all neurologically normal. Methods: Prospective descriptive study. Nasal stimulation response testing was performed four times in each animal. Responses to NSR were recorded and described. Neuroanatomical cadaveric evaluation was then performed to attempt to correlate the responses with anatomy. Results: Withdrawal of the head was the most common response observed in both dogs and cats; it was present in all animals and during 150/160 stimulations. Other observed responses included lip lick response (39/40 animals and in 121/160 stimulations) and startle response (17/40 animals and in 34/160 stimulations). The latter was present in cats significantly (p = 0.026) more often (8/80 of stimulations in dogs and in 26/80 of stimulations in cats). The location of the examination (home vs veterinary hospital), stress, or covering the eyes did not significantly affect the responses. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Relevance: Withdrawal of the head is a consistent response, but in its absence, looking for lip lick or a startle response could support the normal function of the pathway.",

keywords = "Conscious response, Neurolocalisation, Neurological examination, Trigeminal nerve",

author = "Tom{\'a}s Elvira and Tim Sparks and Julien Guevar and \{Aige Gil\}, Vicente and Rodrigo Gutierrez-Quintana and Josep Brocal",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2025 The Author(s). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.",

year = "2025",

month = may,

doi = "10.1111/jvim.70118",

language = "English",

volume = "39",

journal = "Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine",

issn = "0891-6640",

publisher = "Oxford University Press",

number = "3",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Nasal Stimulation Response in Neurologically Normal Dogs and Cats

AU - Elvira, Tomás

AU - Sparks, Tim

AU - Guevar, Julien

AU - Aige Gil, Vicente

AU - Gutierrez-Quintana, Rodrigo

AU - Brocal, Josep

PY - 2025/5

Y1 - 2025/5

N2 - Background: The range of normal responses to nasal stimulation (NSR) observed in neurologically intact dogs and cats has not been reported. Hypothesis/Objectives: Report the responses range while performing NSR in neurologically normal dogs and cats. Animals: Twenty dogs and twenty cats, all neurologically normal. Methods: Prospective descriptive study. Nasal stimulation response testing was performed four times in each animal. Responses to NSR were recorded and described. Neuroanatomical cadaveric evaluation was then performed to attempt to correlate the responses with anatomy. Results: Withdrawal of the head was the most common response observed in both dogs and cats; it was present in all animals and during 150/160 stimulations. Other observed responses included lip lick response (39/40 animals and in 121/160 stimulations) and startle response (17/40 animals and in 34/160 stimulations). The latter was present in cats significantly (p = 0.026) more often (8/80 of stimulations in dogs and in 26/80 of stimulations in cats). The location of the examination (home vs veterinary hospital), stress, or covering the eyes did not significantly affect the responses. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Relevance: Withdrawal of the head is a consistent response, but in its absence, looking for lip lick or a startle response could support the normal function of the pathway.

AB - Background: The range of normal responses to nasal stimulation (NSR) observed in neurologically intact dogs and cats has not been reported. Hypothesis/Objectives: Report the responses range while performing NSR in neurologically normal dogs and cats. Animals: Twenty dogs and twenty cats, all neurologically normal. Methods: Prospective descriptive study. Nasal stimulation response testing was performed four times in each animal. Responses to NSR were recorded and described. Neuroanatomical cadaveric evaluation was then performed to attempt to correlate the responses with anatomy. Results: Withdrawal of the head was the most common response observed in both dogs and cats; it was present in all animals and during 150/160 stimulations. Other observed responses included lip lick response (39/40 animals and in 121/160 stimulations) and startle response (17/40 animals and in 34/160 stimulations). The latter was present in cats significantly (p = 0.026) more often (8/80 of stimulations in dogs and in 26/80 of stimulations in cats). The location of the examination (home vs veterinary hospital), stress, or covering the eyes did not significantly affect the responses. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Relevance: Withdrawal of the head is a consistent response, but in its absence, looking for lip lick or a startle response could support the normal function of the pathway.

KW - Conscious response

KW - Neurolocalisation

KW - Neurological examination

KW - Trigeminal nerve

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105005806577

UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/8524a86a-f450-3236-8af5-ff1497f6977b/

U2 - 10.1111/jvim.70118

DO - 10.1111/jvim.70118

M3 - Article

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SN - 0891-6640

VL - 39

JO - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

JF - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

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M1 - e70118

ER -

Nasal Stimulation Response in Neurologically Normal Dogs and Cats

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