Mutual relationship between stacking and hydrogen bonding in DNA. Theoretical study of guanine-cytosine, guanine-5-methylcytosine, and their dimers

The mutual relationship between stacking and hydrogen-bonding and the possible influence of stacking in the different behavior of cytosine (C) and 5-methylcytosine (C-) in DNA have been studied through complete DFT optimization of different structures of G-C and G-C- dimers (i.e., G-C/C-G and G-C-/C-G), using four different functionals. Our results show that stacking leads to an increase of the O6⋯H-N4 hydrogen bond length and to a simultaneous decrease of the N2-H⋯O2 one, in such a way that both lengths approach each other and, in some cases, an inversion occurs. These results suggest that stacking can be a factor to explain the disparity between theory and experiment on the relative strength of the two lateral hydrogen bonds. Regarding the difference between cytosine and 5-methylcytosine, we have shown that methylation enhances the stacking interactions, mainly due to the increase of polarizability. Methylation also favors the existence of slid structures which can produce local distortions of DNA. © 2010 American Chemical Society.