Drotrecogin alfa (activated) treatment in severe sepsis from the global open-label trial ENHANCE: Further evidence for survival and safety and implications for early treatment

Objective: To provide further evidence for the efficacy and safety of drotrecogin alfa (activated) treatment in severe sepsis. Design: Single-arm, open-label, trial of drotrecogin alfa (activated) treatment in severe sepsis patients. Enrolment began in March 2001 and day-28 follow-up completed in January 2003. Setting: ENHANCE took place in 25 countries at 361 sites. Patients: Patients with known or suspected infection, three or four systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria, and one or more sepsis-induced organ dysfunctions. Of 2,434 adults entered, 2,378 received drotrecogin alfa (activated), and of these, 2,375 completed the protocol. Interventions: Drotrecogin alfa (activated) was infused at a dose of 24 μg/kg/hr for 96 hrs. Measurements and Main Results: The 28-day all-cause mortality approximated that observed in PROWESS (25.3% vs. 24.7%). Although patients in ENHANCE had increased serious bleeding rates compared with patients in the drofrecogin alfa (activated) arm of PROWESS (during infusion, 3.6% vs. 2.4%; postinfusion, 3.2% vs. 1.2%; 28-day, 6.5% vs. 3.5%), increased postinfusion bleeding suggested a higher background bleeding rate. Intracranial hemorrhage was more common in ENHANCE than PROWESS (during infusion, 0.6% vs. 0.2%; 28-day, 1.5% vs. 0.2%). The incidence of fatal intracranial hemorrhage was the same during infusion (0.2%) and higher at 28 days (0.5% vs. 0.2%). ENHANCE patients treated within 0-24 hrs from their first sepsis-induced organ dysfunction had lower observed mortality rate than those treated after 24 hrs (22.3% vs. 27.4%, p = .01). Conclusions: ENHANCE provides supportive evidence for the favorable benefit/risk ratio observed in PROWESS and suggests that more effective use of drotrecogin alfa (activated) might be obtained by initiating therapy earlier. Copyright © 2005 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.