Biogenic sinking particle fluxes and sediment trap collection efficiency at Ocean Station Papa

Comprehensive field observations characterizing the biological carbon pump (BCP) provide the foundation needed to constrain mechanistic models of downward particulate organic carbon (POC) flux in the ocean. Sediment traps were deployed three times during the EXport Processes in the Ocean from RemoTe Sensing campaign at Ocean Station Papa in August-September 2018. We propose a new method to correct sediment trap sample contamination by zooplankton “swimmers.” We consider the advantages of polyacrylamide gel collectors to constrain swimmer influence and estimate the magnitude of possible trap biases. Measured sediment trap fluxes of thorium-234 are compared to water column measurements to assess trap performance and estimate the possible magnitude of fluxes by vertically migrating zooplankton that bypassed traps. We found generally low fluxes of sinking POC (1.38 + 0.77 mmol C m^-2 d^-1 at 100 m, n ¼ 9) that included high and variable contributions by rare, large particles. Sinking particle sizes generally decreased between 100 and 335 m. Measured ²³⁴Th fluxes were smaller than water column ²³⁴Th fluxes by a factor of approximately 3. Much of this difference was consistent with trap undersampling of both small (<32 mm) and rare, large particles (>1 mm) and with zooplankton active migrant fluxes. The fraction of net primary production exported below the euphotic zone (0.1% light level; Ez-ratio ¼ 0.10 + 0.06; ratio uncertainties are propagated from measurements with n ¼ 7-9) was consistent with prior, late summer studies at Station P, as was the fraction of material exported to 100 m below the base of the euphotic zone (T₁00, 0.55 + 0.35). While both the Ez-ratio and T₁₀₀ parameters varied weekly, their product, which we interpret as overall BCP efficiency, was remarkably stable (0.055 + 0.010), suggesting a tight coupling between production and recycling at Station P.