Are Barcelona's climate shelters accessible to vulnerable residents? A mobility justice analysis

As climate change intensifies heatwaves, urban populations face increasing health risks, disproportionately affecting vulnerable groups such as older adults. In response, cities are implementing climate adaptation strategies. Barcelona launched its Climate Shelter Network in 2019, which includes more than 350 facilities. However, there is limited evidence on whether these shelters are equitably accessible to those most at risk. This study addresses this gap by assessing the accessibility of shelters in Barcelona using a mobility justice framework. We ask: how do the spatial distribution of climate shelters and the socioeconomic characteristics of urban neighbourhoods jointly shape inequalities in access for vulnerable populations in Barcelona? We aim to (1) assess the spatial and temporal accessibility of shelters within a 10-min walk, using a reduced walking speed (3.28 km/h); and (2) analyse the socioeconomic profiles of neighbourhoods with and without access. Using GIS-based isochrone analysis and socioeconomic data, we map access to shelter for adults aged 65+, while also examining intersectional vulnerabilities, including income level and migrant background. Results show that while 92 % of vulnerable residents live within 10 min of a shelter, this drops to 75 % in August due to seasonal closures. Accessibility gaps are most pronounced in low-income and migrant-dense areas. We conclude that spatial proximity alone is not enough. Without addressing mobility limitations and social inequalities, climate adaptation policies risk exacerbating existing disparities. Our findings aim to provide evidence-based recommendations for achieving Barcelona's 2030 goal of universal 5-min access, and a framework for equitable climate adaptation evaluation for other cities.