A metabolic profiling approach to characterize and discriminate plant-based beverages and milk

The rising demand for nondairy and nonanimal protein sources has increased plant-based beverages (PBB) consumption. However, research on their functional properties, metabolic profile, and discrimination potential is limited. This study evaluated the potential of proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy as an authentication method to discriminate milk (cow and goat) and PBB macro-groups, including soy-based, fruit-based (almond and coconut), and cereal-based (rice and oat) beverages, based on their metabolic profile. A total of 22 PBB (soy-, almond-, coconut-, rice-, and oat-based beverages), 4 cow milk, and 4 goat milk cartons were analyzed with 1H NMR spectroscopy to obtain their metabolic profile. Relevant metabolites to discriminate PBB macro-groups and cow and goat milk were identified through the Mann-Whitney U test and partial least squares-discriminant analysis. Results revealed that uridine diphosphate glucose and adenosine were key metabolites for the identification of goat and cow milk. At the same time, choline and guanosine emerged as important markers for different PBB macro-group detection. In addition, lactose played a significant role in differentiating milk from PBB. In conclusion, these findings represent an initial step toward applying 1H NMR spectroscopy for authentication and nutritional analysis of PBB, opening the door for further research into their authenticity and metabolic profiling.